Objectives: Some individuals' skin appears more youthful than their chronologic age. In 2017 the Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology found that women with a much more youthful skin appearance than would be expected based on their chronological age, also presented a specific gene expression profile mimicking the biology of much younger skin, as if their skin looked younger because it behaved younger. These women had increased activity in genes associated with basic biologic processes, including DNA repair, cell replication, response to oxidative stress, and protein metabolism.
Introduction: Gene expression is regulated by genetic effects and environmental factors (Brem et al. 2002; Cheung et al. 2003; Morley et al. 2004; Grundberg et al. 2012). A large number of studies have investigated the expression quantitative trait loci studies, (eQTLs) and discovered that most genes are affected by at least one eQTL in at least one tissue (Albert and Kruglyak 2015; The GTEx Consortium 2015). Julien Byois et al (2017) demonstrated that gene expression levels change with age.
Materials / method: They analysed gene expression changes with age in abdominal skin, subcutaneous adipose tissue and lymphoblastoid cell lines in 856 female twins in the age range of 39-85 years. Skin showed the most age-related gene expression changes of all the tissues investigated, with many of the genes being previously implicated in fatty acid metabolism, mitochondrial activity, cancer and splicing. A significant proportion of age-related changes in gene expression appear to be tissue-specific with only a few genes sharing an age effect in expression across tissues.
Results: A key role cell signalling plays within biological systems is to relay extracellular signals in order to regulate intracellular gene expression. The signal transduction process is typically initiated by the binding of a ligand to a membrane-bound receptor, which triggers a cascade of intercellular signalling activities through multiple kinases-ultimately impacting on how transcription factors regulate downstream gene expression. Coordinated activity of different signalling pathways within and bet cell types is the basis of many important biological processes, such as tissue repair and immunity
Conclusion: Signalling technology offers the most direct and comprehensive method in both understanding gene expression and in utilising interactions between specific signalling pathways and gene expression as a successful interventions in several diseases. We can identify the important signalling pathways of a cell by using gene expression and protein-protein interaction (PPI) data sets. PPI data can establish a general signalling pathway blueprint to refine the general signalling pathway blueprint into a cell-type specific blueprint.
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