Objectives: To enhance anatomical precision and clinical safety in injectable procedures by providing a comprehensive sono-anatomical understanding of the facial artery. This presentation aims to detail its anatomical course from the neck to the face, explore dynamic interactions with surrounding structures, and highlight key areas such as the temple. The objective is to equip medical professionals with essential knowledge for safer and more effective facial interventions.
Introduction: The facial artery, a major branch of the external carotid artery, supplies vital perfusion to the face. Due to its proximity to commonly injected areas, knowledge of its complex anatomy is critical. This presentation explores its full anatomical course, emphasizing sono-anatomical visualization from the carotid triangle through the mandibular region to the angular artery, especially in the context of safe injectable techniques.
Materials / method: High-resolution ultrasound (18 & 22 MHz) was used to trace the facial artery in real-time across multiple anatomical landmarks in live subjects. Sono-anatomical imaging was correlated with cadaveric dissection and anatomical literature to map the depth, branching patterns, and positional variability of the artery in dynamic facial regions. Emphasis was placed on the submandibular, perioral, and perinasal areas.
Results: Ultrasound confirmed the tortuous and depth-varying course of the facial artery, revealing its superficiality near the mandible and angular regions. Critical risk zones were identified where the artery lies close to the dermis, especially in the perioral and nasolabial areas. Additionally, multiple anastomoses with branches from the internal carotid system were visualized, underscoring the potential for retrograde embolic events during injections.
Conclusion: Sono-anatomical mapping of the facial artery offers crucial insights for preventing vascular complications during injectable procedures. By understanding its dynamic course and surrounding neurovascular relationships, practitioners can significantly reduce the risk of intravascular injection and optimize treatment safety. Real-time ultrasound guidance is recommended as a standard for high-risk facial zones.
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