Reconstructive surgery
Wound management
Aesthetic surgery
minimally invasive surgery
Filler and botulinum toxin therapy
Breast reduction
Breast surgery
Botulinum toxin
Laser
While studies using various materials to overcome ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury are becoming increasingly common, studies on the effects of botulinum toxin A (BoTA) on IR injury in musculocutaneous flaps are still limited. The purpose of this study was to examine our hypotheses that BoTA provide protection of musculocutaneous flap from ischemia-reperfusion injury. Ler mais
