Objectives: The mechanisms implicated in skin aging include oxidative stress, which is the most pivotal cause of skin aging, DNA damage, telomere shortening, decreased melatonin, and autophagy impairment. Both skin aging and pigmentation abnormalities in various inherited disorders caused by DNA damage or telomere shortening indicate the relevant relationship between skin aging and pigmentation abnormalities. However, other mechanisms may not yet sufficiently support the relationship between skin aging and pigmentation abnormalities.
Introduction: Skin disorders showing abnormal pigmentation are often difficult to manage because of their uncertain etiology or pathogenesis. Abnormal pigmentation is a common symptom accompanying aging skin. The association between skin aging and skin pigmentation abnormalities can be attributed to certain inherited disorders characterized by premature aging and abnormal pigmentation in the skin and some therapeutic modalities effective for both. Several molecular mechanisms, including oxidative stress, mitochondrial DNA mutations, DNA damage, telomere shortening, hormonal changes, and autophagy impairment
Materials / method: Human skin undergoes chronological aging and environmental aging. Chronological aging is dependent upon the passage of time. Ultraviolet (UV) irradiation is the primary factor in environmental aging, which is also called photoaging, although other factors such as tobacco smoking and air pollution are involved in environmental aging. With age, senescent cells accumulate in human skin, which can compromise skin function and integrity. Chronological aging and photoaging share certain molecular mechanisms.
Results: Skin aging is influenced by several factors including oxidative stress, mitochondrial DNA mutations, DNA damage, telomere shortening, and hormonal changes. Autophagy impairment is also involved in aging and the senescence of skin cells
Causes of pigmentations
1. DNA Damage
2. Oxidative Stress
3. Telomere Shortening
4. Role of Hormones
5. Role of Autophagy
Treatments of pigmentations
1. lasers
2. Radiofrequency
3. Topical creams and serum
4. FRET Resonance & Energy Transfer Technologies
5. Protein Refolding Technologies
Conclusion: Skin diseases with pigmentation abnormalities are difficult to treat primarily due to unknown causes or pathogenesis. The pathomechanisms in individual patients can be different even in the same disease. It is important to identify the cause to manage skin pigmentation abnormalities. To propose the possible role of skin aging in abnormal pigmentation, the association between the identified mechanisms involved in skin aging and skin pigmentation abnormalities in various inherited and acquired disorders were reviewed
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