Efficacy analysis of intense pulsed light combined with 3% tranexamic acid in the treatment of post-acne erythema
目标: Post-acne erythema (PAE) is a common sequela of acne characterized by persistent vascular dilation, inflammatory activation, and, in some cases, concomitant pigmentary alterations. The pathophysiology of PAE involves a complex interaction between microvascular instability, inflammatory mediators, and melanogenesis, making it difficult to achieve optimal outcomes with single-modality treatments. Intense pulsed light (IPL) has been widely used for its ability to target hemoglobin and melanin, thereby improving vascular and pigmentary lesions, whereas tranexamic acid (TXA) has been shown to exert
