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Objectives: Definition of ageing, differences between intrinsic and extrinsic ageing (the exposome);
Review of dermal extracellular matrix biology;
Changes to dermal matrix associated with chronic sun exposure;
Changes to dermal matrix associated with smoking.

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Objectives: Review studies investigating genetic associations with features of skin ageing, and present the latest findings.

Introduction: We inherit our DNA from our parents, and the variations present within can influence how our appearance changes with age. Due to advancements in technology that can measure these variations, there are now a number of studies linking DNA sequence variations with aspects of skin ageing. What are the learnings from these findings and how does it make us wiser in understanding the ageing process – key questions I address in this lecture.

Materials / method: Reviewing the literature, a number of genetic studies were found that have compared the presence of DNA sequence variants, in and near specific genes (aka gene variants), with the presence of wrinkles, pigmented age spots, eye lid sag, and skin texture changes with age. From these studies, a range of gene variants were identified as associating with skin ageing across different ethnic groups.

Results: The ability of genetic variants to predict somebody’s degree of skin ageing (e.g. wrinkles) is very low due to the small number of genetic associations identified to date.
Genes identified from the genetic studies, though, have highlighted how melanin content is strongly associated with youthful looks, likely reflecting eumelanin's (the darker melanin form) protection from the sun and free radical damage.
Environmental factors also associate with features of skin ageing and can be captured alongside genetic influences by studying epigenetic changes.

Conclusion: Much greater number of genetic associations are required before genetics can predict the presence of skin ageing features from DNA. However, biological insights, such as the protective effects of eumelanin, can be gleaned from current genetic studies. Furthermore, advances in epigenetics means both genetic and environmental influences can be studied together, which will drive greater understanding of why some people’s skin ages so well over time.

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