Objectives: To review essential physics concepts of Doppler ultrasound with a practical approach

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这项工作的完成感谢以下机构的支持： Springer by victor

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Objectives: Through my talks, I would like to introduce the US anatomical findings of the lower face and neck, and provide the reference images on each landmark of the face. Therefore, an in-depth morphological study using an US imaging system can yield depth and orientation on the facial muscles, blood vessels, and fascial structures of the facial area that were previously impossible to obtain. This provides crucial anatomical knowledge that can be utilized in various clinical applications such as the US-guided injections with safety and effectiveness.

Introduction: The use of ultrasonography (US) guidance to perform diagnostic and therapeutic injections is increasing rapidly, as is the evidence supporting its use. However, despite the increased popularity of US, there remains a lack of formal standard references, especially for procedures involving the face. Moreover, while there is a considerable amount of information available in the literatures related to US, there is very little information related to US imaging of the face.

Materials / method: Recently, the importance on the facial anatomy has been reconsidered as the interest on the facial aesthetics is increasing. In this reason, it is speculated that the utilization of the facial US will be soon broadened to prevent the side effects.

Results: The various minimally invasive procedures are widely applied for managing anti-aging treatments. However, inaccurate blind injections sometimes may result in mild side effects such as bleeding, bruising, or muscle bulging, along with more serious side effects including skin necrosis and blindness. Recently, wide ranges of cadaveric studies have been published to prevent these side effects from occurring while optimizing results.

Conclusion: In addition to various anatomical studies, the US-guided injection technique has been suggested as a method that is safer than other techniques and leads to more accurate injections into the targeted area with less complications.

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