IMCAS Asia 2025
Program

Objectives: To assess the effectiveness of Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD) as brightening agent

Introduction: Hyperpigmentation from UV-induced melanogenesis contributes to conditions like melasma, PIH, and uneven skin tone. Conventional brightening agents—such as niacinamide, cysteamine, alpha-arbutin, 2-mercaptonicotinoyl glycine, and isobutylamido thiazolyl resorcinol primarily inhibit tyrosinase or melanin intermediates, but often face limitations like irritation or instability. NAD⁺ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide), a key coenzyme in cellular energy and DNA repair, also activates sirtuins, PARPs, and redox enzymes—core regulators of oxidative stress, inflammation, and epigenetic balance. These

Materials / method: A randomized, single-blind study in 33 participants used a UV-induced melanization model on the back. Seven formulations were applied twice daily for 4 weeks: Placebo, 0.1% NAD+, 10% Niacinamide, 2.5% Encapsulated Cysteamine, 2% Alpha-Arbutin, Commercial serum with 2-MNG, Commercial serum with isobutylamido thiazolyl resorcinol. Assessments were conducted after 4 weeks on parameters: ITA° (Individual Typology Angle, CM26-dG), Melanin index (Mexameter® MX18), Visual grading by board-certified dermatologists

Results: All treatments showed statistically significant improvement over placebo (p < 0.05). ITA° gains were highest with NAD+ (+16.1%), followed by niacinamide (+13.5%), cysteamine (+13.3%), alpha-arbutin (+12.8%), Thiamidol (+11.7%), and 2-MNG (+9.3%) versus placebo (+11%). In melanin index reduction, niacinamide (-12.5) was strongest, followed by cysteamine (-11.9), isobutylamido thiazolyl resorcinol (-11.8), NAD+ (-11.6), alpha-arbutin (-11.0), and placebo (-10.6). For visual grading, alpha-arbutin (-20.4) and niacinamide (-18.5) showed the greatest clinical brightening, followed closely by NAD+ (

Conclusion: Topical 0.1% NAD+ demonstrated superior improvement in ITA° and comparable reductions in melanin index and clinical pigmentation versus benchmark actives. With its multi-pathway mechanism, excellent tolerability, and statistically validated efficacy, NAD+ emerges as a promising innovation in the treatment of hyperpigmentation and skin tone correction.

Disclosures

Did you receive any funding to support your research for this TOPIC?
Yes
Please specify entities (individual, company, society): Labore

Were you provided with any honoraria, payment or other compensation for your work on this study?
No

Do you have any financial relationship with any entity which may closely compete with the medications, materials or instruments covered by your study?
No

Do you own or have you applied for any patents in conjunction with the instruments, medications or materials discussed in your study?
Yes
Please specify date...: Patent Pending
and status : 28 May 2025

This work is presented thanks to the support of: LABORE

Disclosures

Did you receive any funding to support your research for this TOPIC?
No

Were you provided with any honoraria, payment or other compensation for your work on this study?
No

Do you have any financial relationship with any entity which may closely compete with the medications, materials or instruments covered by your study?
No

Do you own or have you applied for any patents in conjunction with the instruments, medications or materials discussed in your study?
No

This work was not supported by any direct or non direct funding. It is under the author's own responsability

Disclosures

Did you receive any funding to support your research for this TOPIC?
No

Were you provided with any honoraria, payment or other compensation for your work on this study?
No

Do you have any financial relationship with any entity which may closely compete with the medications, materials or instruments covered by your study?
No

Do you own or have you applied for any patents in conjunction with the instruments, medications or materials discussed in your study?
No

This work was not supported by any direct or non direct funding. It is under the author's own responsability

Disclosures

Did you receive any funding to support your research for this TOPIC?
No

Were you provided with any honoraria, payment or other compensation for your work on this study?
No

Do you have any financial relationship with any entity which may closely compete with the medications, materials or instruments covered by your study?
No

Do you own or have you applied for any patents in conjunction with the instruments, medications or materials discussed in your study?
No

This work is presented thanks to the support of: Pharma research

Objectives: This presentation aims to explore the clinical benefits, mechanism of action, and treatment outcomes associated with Tixel®, a novel device utilizing Thermo-Mechanical Fractional Injury (TMFI) technology. The specific objectives are: (1) to highlight the anatomical relevance of the papillary dermis in facial rejuvenation; (2) to demonstrate how TMFI targets this layer to stimulate collagen remodeling and enhance skin quality; (3) to evaluate treatment outcomes through a retrospective clinical review; and (4) to discuss Tixel’s secondary role in transdermal drug delivery.

Introduction: The architecture of the skin is fundamental to facial aesthetics. Each anatomical layer plays a distinct role in maintaining the structural integrity and appearance of the skin. The papillary dermis is responsible for skin texture, firmness, and elasticity due to its rich population of fibroblasts and ECM components. As such, it serves as a key target in modern skin rejuvenation therapies. Tixel®, based on Thermo-Mechanical Fractional Injury (TMFI) technology, delivers controlled thermal energy via a heated titanium tip in a non-ablative manner.

Materials / method: A retrospective clinical analysis was performed on patients treated with Tixel® using TMFI technology for indications including skin aging, textural irregularities, and dermal laxity. Evaluation methods included standardized clinical photography, objective assessments of skin texture and elasticity, and validated patient-reported satisfaction surveys. Treatment protocols were assessed in conjunction with a review of literature, aiming to contextualize TMFI’s unique mechanism of action and its clinical value within the broader field of energy-based dermatologic devices.

Results: Treatment with Tixel showed consistent improvements in skin texture, elasticity, and radiance. Clinical photography and objective assessments confirmed visible smoothing of fine lines and enhanced dermal tone. Patient satisfaction was high, with minimal reports of discomfort or extended downtime. The outcomes aligned closely with published data, reinforcing TMFI’s efficacy in stimulating dermal remodeling through targeted thermal injury while preserving skin surface integrity.

Conclusion: Effective skin rejuvenation requires precise targeting of distinct anatomical layers using EBDs that harmonize with skin physiology. Tixel offers a scientifically grounded and clinically validated method for improving skin texture and elasticity. Its non-ablative nature ensures minimal recovery time, while its ability to enhance topical drug absorption broadens its therapeutic potential. Tixel exemplifies the convergence of precision and performance in aesthetic dermatology, providing reproducible outcomes with a high safety profile across varied skin types.

Disclosures

Did you receive any funding to support your research for this TOPIC?
Yes
Please specify entities (individual, company, society): NOVOXEL - KOL

Were you provided with any honoraria, payment or other compensation for your work on this study?
Yes
Please specify entities (individual, company, society): NOVOXEL - KOL

Do you have any financial relationship with any entity which may closely compete with the medications, materials or instruments covered by your study?
No

Do you own or have you applied for any patents in conjunction with the instruments, medications or materials discussed in your study?
No

This work is presented thanks to the support of: NOVOXEL - KOL

Objectives: This study aims to discover the indispensable role of skin microbiome in skin barrier health and how topical products support their functions.

Introduction: Human skin is inhabited with commensal bacteria which play an indispensable role in multiple skin functions such as providing the first layer of barrier. In our study, we discovered a new mechanism in which Staphylococcus epidermidis, one of the most common skin commensals, utilizes glycerol as prebiotic to produce lactic acid.

Materials / method: The ability of S. epidermidis to metabolize glycerol in vitro and in vivo to lactic acid were measured. Additionally, the impact of the glycerol ferments on skin barrier markers, such as filaggrin (FLG) and acid sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase 1 (SMPD-1), was also investigated using 2D and 3D skin culture models. Alteration of barrier properties and microbiome composition in response to topical product application were also assessed in an in vivo study using volunteers with skin dryness.

Results: Our in vitro and in vivo experiments showed a dose-dependent increase in lactic acid levels upon application of increased concentrations of glycerol compared to the control. Using 2D and 3D skin culture models, we showed that the fermentation of glycerol, mainly lactic acid, upregulates the expression levels of key genes associated with skin barrier properties. Additionally, application of topical products containing glycerol supported increment of beneficial bacteria and concomitant improvements in skin barrier properties together with increased levels of ceramides and long-chain fatty acids.

Conclusion: Using a combination of in vitro, in vivo and analytical methods, we have shown that commensal bacteria are capable of fermenting glycerol to impart skin benefits such as improving the skin barrier properties.

Disclosures

Did you receive any funding to support your research for this TOPIC?
No

Were you provided with any honoraria, payment or other compensation for your work on this study?
No

Do you have any financial relationship with any entity which may closely compete with the medications, materials or instruments covered by your study?
No

Do you own or have you applied for any patents in conjunction with the instruments, medications or materials discussed in your study?
No

This work was not supported by any direct or non direct funding. It is under the author's own responsability

Objectives: The ceramide technology is improving a great deal recently.

Introduction: We describe the technology of ceramide effects

Materials / method: ・The importance of Ceramide to Sensitive Skin

・Efficacy of Curél Deep Moisture Spray

Results: It is effective

Conclusion: ・The importance of Ceramide to Sensitive Skin

・Efficacy of Curél Deep Moisture Spray

Disclosures

Did you receive any funding to support your research for this TOPIC?
No

Were you provided with any honoraria, payment or other compensation for your work on this study?
Yes
Please specify entities (individual, company, society): Curel conpany

Do you have any financial relationship with any entity which may closely compete with the medications, materials or instruments covered by your study?
No

Do you own or have you applied for any patents in conjunction with the instruments, medications or materials discussed in your study?
No

This work is presented thanks to the support of: Curel

Disclosures

Did you receive any funding to support your research for this TOPIC?
No

Were you provided with any honoraria, payment or other compensation for your work on this study?
No

Do you have any financial relationship with any entity which may closely compete with the medications, materials or instruments covered by your study?
No

Do you own or have you applied for any patents in conjunction with the instruments, medications or materials discussed in your study?
No

This work was not supported by any direct or non direct funding. It is under the author's own responsability

Disclosures

Did you receive any funding to support your research for this TOPIC?
No

Were you provided with any honoraria, payment or other compensation for your work on this study?
No

Do you have any financial relationship with any entity which may closely compete with the medications, materials or instruments covered by your study?
No

Do you own or have you applied for any patents in conjunction with the instruments, medications or materials discussed in your study?
No

This work was not supported by any direct or non direct funding. It is under the author's own responsability

Disclosures

Did you receive any funding to support your research for this TOPIC?
No

Were you provided with any honoraria, payment or other compensation for your work on this study?
No

Do you have any financial relationship with any entity which may closely compete with the medications, materials or instruments covered by your study?
No

Do you own or have you applied for any patents in conjunction with the instruments, medications or materials discussed in your study?
No

This work was not supported by any direct or non direct funding. It is under the author's own responsability

Disclosures

Did you receive any funding to support your research for this TOPIC?
No

Were you provided with any honoraria, payment or other compensation for your work on this study?
No

Do you have any financial relationship with any entity which may closely compete with the medications, materials or instruments covered by your study?
No

Do you own or have you applied for any patents in conjunction with the instruments, medications or materials discussed in your study?
No

This work was not supported by any direct or non direct funding. It is under the author's own responsability

Objectives: To demonstrate the enhanced clinical outcomes achieved by combining Endymed’s 3DEEP® RF technology—via handpieces such as the Mini Shaper and Intensif—with injectable skin boosters for non-invasive facial contouring and skin rejuvenation.

Introduction: The aesthetic market is rapidly shifting toward integrative, minimally invasive procedures that provide natural-looking yet impactful results. A key emerging trend is the combination of energy-based devices with biostimulatory injectables to address both structural contouring and dermal quality. Endymed’s 3DEEP® patented radiofrequency technology offers controlled, deep dermal heating, which synergizes effectively with skin boosters to improve skin texture, elasticity, and definition, particularly in the face and jawline.

Materials / method: This session will present clinical protocols combining Endymed’s Mini Shaper and Intensif handpieces with skin booster injections in a staged or same-day approach. Key parameters such as treatment timing, energy settings, and anatomical targeting will be discussed, along with patient selection and safety considerations. Clinical cases will include protocols designed to enhance lower face definition, submental tightening, and skin density through dual-modality stimulation.

Results: Documented patient cases will show visible improvements in facial contouring, skin hydration, firmness, and glow. The synergistic effect of 3DEEP RF-induced collagen remodeling with dermal stimulation from skin boosters resulted in high patient satisfaction and optimal aesthetic enhancement.

Conclusion: The combination of Endymed’s 3DEEP® RF technology with injectable skin boosters represents a forward-thinking approach in aesthetic practice, aligning with current demands for non-surgical, personalized treatments. This integrative method offers practitioners a powerful tool to deliver enhanced and long-lasting facial rejuvenation results.

Disclosures

Did you receive any funding to support your research for this TOPIC?
No

Were you provided with any honoraria, payment or other compensation for your work on this study?
Yes
Please specify entities (individual, company, society): Endymed

Do you have any financial relationship with any entity which may closely compete with the medications, materials or instruments covered by your study?
No

Do you own or have you applied for any patents in conjunction with the instruments, medications or materials discussed in your study?
No

This work is presented thanks to the support of: Endymed

Disclosures

Did you receive any funding to support your research for this TOPIC?
No

Were you provided with any honoraria, payment or other compensation for your work on this study?
No

Do you have any financial relationship with any entity which may closely compete with the medications, materials or instruments covered by your study?
No

Do you own or have you applied for any patents in conjunction with the instruments, medications or materials discussed in your study?
No

This work was not supported by any direct or non direct funding. It is under the author's own responsability

Disclosures

Did you receive any funding to support your research for this TOPIC?
Yes
Please specify entities (individual, company, society): Advalight

Were you provided with any honoraria, payment or other compensation for your work on this study?
Yes
Please specify entities (individual, company, society): Advalight

Do you have any financial relationship with any entity which may closely compete with the medications, materials or instruments covered by your study?
No

Do you own or have you applied for any patents in conjunction with the instruments, medications or materials discussed in your study?
No

This work was not supported by any direct or non direct funding. It is under the author's own responsability

Disclosures

Did you receive any funding to support your research for this TOPIC?
No

Were you provided with any honoraria, payment or other compensation for your work on this study?
No

Do you have any financial relationship with any entity which may closely compete with the medications, materials or instruments covered by your study?
No

Do you own or have you applied for any patents in conjunction with the instruments, medications or materials discussed in your study?
No

This work was not supported by any direct or non direct funding. It is under the author's own responsability

Disclosures

Did you receive any funding to support your research for this TOPIC?
No

Were you provided with any honoraria, payment or other compensation for your work on this study?
No

Do you have any financial relationship with any entity which may closely compete with the medications, materials or instruments covered by your study?
No

Do you own or have you applied for any patents in conjunction with the instruments, medications or materials discussed in your study?
No

This work was not supported by any direct or non direct funding. It is under the author's own responsability

Disclosures

Did you receive any funding to support your research for this TOPIC?
No

Were you provided with any honoraria, payment or other compensation for your work on this study?
No

Do you have any financial relationship with any entity which may closely compete with the medications, materials or instruments covered by your study?
No

Do you own or have you applied for any patents in conjunction with the instruments, medications or materials discussed in your study?
No

This work is presented thanks to the support of: Sofwave

Disclosures

Did you receive any funding to support your research for this TOPIC?
No

Were you provided with any honoraria, payment or other compensation for your work on this study?
No

Do you have any financial relationship with any entity which may closely compete with the medications, materials or instruments covered by your study?
No

Do you own or have you applied for any patents in conjunction with the instruments, medications or materials discussed in your study?
No

This work was not supported by any direct or non direct funding. It is under the author's own responsability

Disclosures

Did you receive any funding to support your research for this TOPIC?
No

Were you provided with any honoraria, payment or other compensation for your work on this study?
No

Do you have any financial relationship with any entity which may closely compete with the medications, materials or instruments covered by your study?
No

Do you own or have you applied for any patents in conjunction with the instruments, medications or materials discussed in your study?
No

This work was not supported by any direct or non direct funding. It is under the author's own responsability

Objectives: Our research aims to demonstrate the importance of the network pharmacology combined with multi-omics analysis in developing cosmeceuticals from natural sources.

Introduction: Increasing concern for skin disorders has resulted in high demand for the development of superior cosmetic products. TCM formulae (consisting of 2 or more medicinal herbs) has been used over thousands of years for maintaining healthy aging, beauty and wellbeing in China. Therefore, it’s critical to discover its scientific significances of synergistic effects and underlying mechanisms from perspective of systems biology.

Materials / method: Using San Bai Decoction as a case study, network pharmacology analysis was conducted to map out the compound and target interaction network were visualized using Cytoscape; cheminformatics analysis was performed on LC-MS/MS. A double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of USBT2627 in alleviating UV-induced skin damage and explore the underlying mechanism using a differential network analysis of transcriptomic data approach. Transcriptomics study was conducted in three in vitro models separately for the identification of differentially expressed genes

Results: The chemical profiling finally identified more than 72 chemicals with absolute content contained by USBT2627 and prioritized 22 lead actives in USBT2627 for future exploration. Formula containing USBT2627 significantly reduced UV-induced skin pigmentation compared to the placebo group and effectively mitigated erythema. The transcriptomic analysis, which combines conventional differential expression with differential network analysis, indicated that USBT2627 regulated multiple pathways related to skin pigmentation, such as ET1 signaling and pigmentation signaling pathways.

Conclusion: Together, USBT2627 suppresses melanin accumulation and protects skin against UVB exposure through not only directly targeting melanogenesis but also through multiple pathways. Those findings were consistent with the network pharmacology prediction, also provide solid evidence and novel insights for supporting USBT2627 as a novel skin brightening agent.

Disclosures

Did you receive any funding to support your research for this TOPIC?
No

Were you provided with any honoraria, payment or other compensation for your work on this study?
No

Do you have any financial relationship with any entity which may closely compete with the medications, materials or instruments covered by your study?
No

Do you own or have you applied for any patents in conjunction with the instruments, medications or materials discussed in your study?
No

This work is presented thanks to the support of: UNILEVER

Objectives: Picosecond lasers, beyond their primary use in tattoo removal and hyperpigmentary conditions, are increasingly used in aesthetic practice like scarring, rhytides, and tissue remodeling. This versatile technology can break down pigment particles and stimulate collagen production, offering a range of cosmetic and medical applications.

Disclosures

Did you receive any funding to support your research for this TOPIC?
No
Please specify entities (individual, company, society): Beauty solution

Were you provided with any honoraria, payment or other compensation for your work on this study?
Yes
Please specify entities (individual, company, society): Beauty solution

Do you have any financial relationship with any entity which may closely compete with the medications, materials or instruments covered by your study?
No

Do you own or have you applied for any patents in conjunction with the instruments, medications or materials discussed in your study?
No

This work is presented thanks to the support of: I recieve the Honoraria from Beauty Solution.

Disclosures

Did you receive any funding to support your research for this TOPIC?
No

Were you provided with any honoraria, payment or other compensation for your work on this study?
No

Do you have any financial relationship with any entity which may closely compete with the medications, materials or instruments covered by your study?
No

Do you own or have you applied for any patents in conjunction with the instruments, medications or materials discussed in your study?
No

This work was not supported by any direct or non direct funding. It is under the author's own responsability

Objectives: To present a novel clinical approach to skin rejuvenation using photobiomodulation through Novion, a non-invasive near-infrared light-based system. The goal is to demonstrate that cellular and tissue-level regeneration can be triggered without causing thermal injury, pain, or downtime. This approach targets mitochondrial activation and biochemical signaling, aiming to shift the paradigm from destructive laser-based resurfacing to biologically guided rejuvenation. The objective also includes identifying how specific wavelengths and continuous thermal emission can influence fibroblast function,

Introduction: Traditional energy-based devices rely on selective photothermolysis—deliberately damaging tissue to stimulate repair. However, this can cause pain, downtime, and potential complications. Photobiomodulation (PBM) offers a fundamentally different concept: using light as a biological signal rather than a destructive force. Novion introduces plasma-based incoherent NIR light filtered to 1064nm, which penetrates deeply and safely. By stimulating cytochrome c oxidase within mitochondria, Novion enhances ATP production, nitric oxide release, and calcium influx. This cascade initiates regeneration wit

Materials / method: Novion emits filtered continuous-wave near-infrared light (≥1064nm) using a plasma-derived incoherent light source. The system includes a sapphire cooling tip to protect the epidermis while allowing heat to accumulate in the dermis (45–60°C). Treatments target areas with loss of volume, elasticity, or tone. The photonic energy is absorbed by cytochrome c oxidase, triggering mitochondrial activation and downstream signaling. Additionally, calcium channels are stimulated, leading to expression of growth factors, cytokines, and HSPs. The method is applied in outpatient settings with no anesthesia

Results: Clinical observations show improved skin tone, texture, elasticity, and pore reduction after a series of Novion treatments. Histologically, fibroblasts appear more active with enhanced collagen and elastin deposition. Patient feedback reports high satisfaction, particularly due to the absence of pain or recovery time. Real-time imaging and infrared thermography confirm deep, controlled dermal heating without epidermal damage. Notably, improvements are progressive, indicating cumulative biological effects. Cases also demonstrated reduction in inflammation markers and signs of vascular remodelin

Conclusion: Novion demonstrates that photobiomodulation, when delivered precisely through continuous NIR light, can activate the skin’s regenerative mechanisms without injury. By stimulating mitochondria and initiating intracellular signaling, tissue can be remodeled safely, comfortably, and repeatedly. This challenges the conventional laser-based model of "destroy to renew," offering instead a "stimulate to restore" philosophy. Novion represents a new class of skin energy systems that combine biology and physics to achieve visible, long-term rejuvenation with minimal risk and maximal compliance.

Disclosures

Did you receive any funding to support your research for this TOPIC?
Yes
Please specify entities (individual, company, society): yumeco

Were you provided with any honoraria, payment or other compensation for your work on this study?
No

Do you have any financial relationship with any entity which may closely compete with the medications, materials or instruments covered by your study?
No

Do you own or have you applied for any patents in conjunction with the instruments, medications or materials discussed in your study?
No

This work is presented thanks to the support of: Mr. Mark

Disclosures

Did you receive any funding to support your research for this TOPIC?
No

Were you provided with any honoraria, payment or other compensation for your work on this study?
No

Do you have any financial relationship with any entity which may closely compete with the medications, materials or instruments covered by your study?
No

Do you own or have you applied for any patents in conjunction with the instruments, medications or materials discussed in your study?
No

This work was not supported by any direct or non direct funding. It is under the author's own responsability

Disclosures

Did you receive any funding to support your research for this TOPIC?
Yes
Please specify entities (individual, company, society): Kenvue

Were you provided with any honoraria, payment or other compensation for your work on this study?
Yes
Please specify entities (individual, company, society): Kenvue

Do you have any financial relationship with any entity which may closely compete with the medications, materials or instruments covered by your study?
No

Do you own or have you applied for any patents in conjunction with the instruments, medications or materials discussed in your study?
No

This work is presented thanks to the support of: Kenvue

Disclosures

Did you receive any funding to support your research for this TOPIC?
No

Were you provided with any honoraria, payment or other compensation for your work on this study?
No

Do you have any financial relationship with any entity which may closely compete with the medications, materials or instruments covered by your study?
No

Do you own or have you applied for any patents in conjunction with the instruments, medications or materials discussed in your study?
No

This work is presented thanks to the support of: Kenvue

Disclosures

Did you receive any funding to support your research for this TOPIC?
No

Were you provided with any honoraria, payment or other compensation for your work on this study?
No

Do you have any financial relationship with any entity which may closely compete with the medications, materials or instruments covered by your study?
No

Do you own or have you applied for any patents in conjunction with the instruments, medications or materials discussed in your study?
No

This work was not supported by any direct or non direct funding. It is under the author's own responsability

Disclosures

Did you receive any funding to support your research for this TOPIC?
No

Were you provided with any honoraria, payment or other compensation for your work on this study?
No

Do you have any financial relationship with any entity which may closely compete with the medications, materials or instruments covered by your study?
No

Do you own or have you applied for any patents in conjunction with the instruments, medications or materials discussed in your study?
No

This work was not supported by any direct or non direct funding. It is under the author's own responsability

Disclosures

Did you receive any funding to support your research for this TOPIC?
No

Were you provided with any honoraria, payment or other compensation for your work on this study?
No

Do you have any financial relationship with any entity which may closely compete with the medications, materials or instruments covered by your study?
No

Do you own or have you applied for any patents in conjunction with the instruments, medications or materials discussed in your study?
No

This work was not supported by any direct or non direct funding. It is under the author's own responsability

Disclosures

Did you receive any funding to support your research for this TOPIC?
No

Were you provided with any honoraria, payment or other compensation for your work on this study?
No

Do you have any financial relationship with any entity which may closely compete with the medications, materials or instruments covered by your study?
No

Do you own or have you applied for any patents in conjunction with the instruments, medications or materials discussed in your study?
No

This work was not supported by any direct or non direct funding. It is under the author's own responsability